One of the longest-standing debates in the investment industry is whether actively managed funds are better than passively managed index funds.

The former select their securities through a fund manager's proprietary strategy, or based on quantitative rules, in an attempt to achieve a specific objective or outperform a benchmark.

The latter passively replicate the holdings of an index, which Jon Maier, chief investment officer at Global X ETFs, defines as: "a financial instrument designed to measure the performance of a specific market, asset class, sector or strategy."

So, when it comes to the needs of retail investors, which one is better?

Well, consider the latest results from S&P Dow Jones Indices' SPIVA Scorecard, which measures the performance of actively managed funds worldwide against their benchmark indexes. For the U.S. market, SPIVA shows that as of Dec. 31, 2022, 93.4% of large-cap funds underperformed the S&P 500 over the trailing 15 years.

The takeaway from SPIVA is that most retail investors and professional fund managers will likely fail to outperform an index consistently over the long run. "The idea behind index investing is 'if you can't beat 'em, join 'em,'" says Robert Johnson, professor of finance at Creighton University's Heider College of Business. "For the vast majority of investors, the KISS mantra – 'keep it simple, stupid' – should guide their investment philosophy."

Michael Wagner, co-founder and chief operating officer at Omnia Family Wealth, agrees with Johnson. "I stay sane by focusing on what I can control, and when it comes to investing, that's generally three things: the risks I take, the expenses I incur and the taxes I pay," he says. To keep these variables under control, few investment products do a better job than the humble index fund.

Jason Mountford, trend analyst at Q.ai, echoes this sentiment. "There aren't many things you can directly control as an investor, but the major exception is the fees you pay," Mountford says. "If you're looking for a simple way to gain exposure to major traditional assets like the S&P 500, an index fund is a great way to do that at a low cost."

By buying an index fund, investors can also alleviate the stress of predicting which stocks, industries and sectors are likely to outperform. Investors may occasionally score a lucky winning stock pick, but the risk of holding several losers is much higher. An index fund is therefore a safer bet.

Johnson cites a study by Arizona State University finance professor Hendrik Bessembinder that showed from 1926 to 2016, just 4% of publicly traded companies accounted for the net gains of the entire U.S. stock market, with the remainder either matching or lagging the returns of "risk-free" Treasury bills.

"In other words, the returns of the market have been driven by a small percentage of big winners," Johnson says. "For most, trying to pick winners ex-ante is a loser's game, so the solution is to invest in diversified index funds where you don't have to pick the winners."

Here's a look at 10 of the best low-cost index funds and exchange-traded funds, or ETFs, to buy:

INDEX FUND EXPENSE RATIO Fidelity 500 Index Fund (ticker: FXAIX) 0.015% BNY Mellon Core Bond ETF (BKAG) 0 Vanguard Total Stock Market Index Fund Admiral Shares (VTSAX) 0.04% Vanguard Balanced Index Fund Admiral Shares (VBIAX) 0.07% SPDR Portfolio MSCI Global Stock Market ETF (SPGM) 0.09% Vanguard Total World Stock Index Fund Admiral Shares (VTWAX) 0.1% SPDR S&P 500 ETF Trust (SPY) 0.0945% iShares U.S. Treasury Bond ETF (GOVT) 0.05% Schwab U.S. Dividend Equity ETF (SCHD) 0.06% Invesco Optimum Yield Diversified Commodity Strategy No K-1 ETF (PDBC) 0.59% Fidelity 500 Index Fund (FXAIX) "One of the primary benefits of index funds is their lower expense ratio in comparison to their actively managed counterpart," Maier says. For low costs, few index funds on the market beat FXAIX. With an expense ratio of 0.015%, a $10,000 investment in FXAIX would cost an investor just $1.50 per year. For this fee, investors gain exposure to the holdings and returns of the S&P 500, which as noted earlier is extremely difficult for the majority of funds to beat over time. Like many Fidelity funds, FXAIX also has no minimum investment requirements or sales loads.

BNY Mellon Core Bond ETF (BKAG) "Just as how stock market returns compound, the deleterious effects of high fees and transaction costs also stack up over time," Johnson says. "In fact, the late founder and chairman of Vanguard John Bogle termed this phenomenon 'the tyranny of compounding costs.'" To eliminate fund fees altogether, investors can buy BKAG, one of the few ETFs with a true 0% expense ratio. This bond ETF tracks the Bloomberg U.S. Aggregate Total Return Index, which provides exposure to a wide swath of U.S. Treasurys, mortgage-backed securities and investment-grade corporate bonds.

Vanguard Total Stock Market Index Fund Admiral Shares (VTSAX) For a slightly higher, but still very low, expense ratio of 0.04%, investors can go broader than FXAIX by opting for VTSAX. This mutual fund expands on the 500 stocks held in the S&P 500 by tracking a version of the Dow Jones U.S. Total Stock Market Index. In effect, VTSAX adds another 3,400 or so mid- and small-cap stocks that comprise the remainder of the investable U.S. market. Because VTSAX is market-cap weighted, its historical performance has been similar to FXAIX. However, keep in mind that like many of Vanguard's Admiral Shares funds, VTSAX requires a $3,000 minimum investment.

Vanguard Balanced Index Fund Admiral Shares (VBIAX) "A passive indexing strategy isn't necessarily devoid of meaningful investor participation – it's not run on autopilot," Maier says. "At the end of the day, an investor still needs to make active decisions for the portfolio, such as how much, and when, to buy." To simplify matters, investors can opt for a fund like VBIAX, which tracks both the CRSP U.S. Total Market Index and the Bloomberg U.S. Aggregate Float Adjusted Index in a 60/40 allocation.

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